Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – DECEMBER, 2022
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) Classify beta blockers. Discuss the pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of propranolol.
2) Classify antidepressants with examples. Explain the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Mention drugs used in bipolar disorders.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) What is plasma protein binding? Explain its clinical significance.
4) Explain the uses and adverse effects of morphine.
5) Describe the mechanism of action and uses of amiodarone.
6) Describe the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of loop diuretics.
7) Write a note on pharmacovigilance.
8) Mention the drugs used in the treatment of migraine with their rationale. Describe the mechanism of action of lorazepam and its uses. Add a note on the management of lorazepam overdose.
9) A 50-year-old female presented to the medicine OPD with shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the ankles, legs, and abdomen. She is a known case of diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels. She was diagnosed with congestive cardiac failure. Name the different classes of drugs that will help in this case scenario. Explain the mechanism of action of digoxin.
10) Drugs used in pre-anesthetic medication with their rationale.
11) A farmer was brought to the emergency room at a tertiary hospital with complaints of altered sensorium, increased sweating, and oral secretions. On examination, blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg, pulse rate was 56 beats per minute, and his pupils were pinpoint. What is the diagnosis? Discuss the management in the above case.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – DECEMBER, 2022
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) Classify antimalarial drugs. Explain the uses and adverse effects of chloroquine. Mention the Artemisinin-based Combination (ACT) regimen for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
2) Classify drugs used in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Discuss the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of selective β2 adrenergic agonists. Explain briefly on cough suppressants.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Mention the drugs used in scabies and explain the route of its application.
4) Describe the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Sulfonylureas.
5) Explain the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of propylthiouracil.
6) Describe the mechanism of action and uses of domperidone.
7) Third-generation cephalosporins.
8) Explain the post-exposure prophylaxis in HIV.
9) Enumerate drugs used in leprosy. Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of dapsone.
10) Describe the uses of methotrexate and its adverse effects.
11) A 28-year-old pregnant woman with 30 weeks gestation came with a complaint of swelling of the right lower limb. On examination, she was diagnosed with deep venous thrombosis. Enumerate the drugs used in this condition. Explain the advantages of low molecular weight heparins.
12) A 57-year-old woman who is on aspirin for her knee pain for a few weeks came with complaints of severe epigastric pain, mostly at night and between meals, burning pain in the chest, and sometimes nausea. Her pain worsened after taking aspirin and drinking coffee and was relieved after taking antacids. She was diagnosed with gastritis. Mention at least 4 different classes of drugs with 2 examples that can be used to relieve her gastritis. Discuss the management of H. pylori infection.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – DECEMBER, 2022
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PATHOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) A 55-year-old female was brought to the outpatient department with a history of foul-smelling discharge per vagina. On per speculum examination, a friable red growth, which bleeds on touch, was noted.
a. What is the provisional diagnosis and why?
b. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
c. Describe the microscopic picture of the above condition.
d. Add a note on screening tests.
2) A 65-year-old male was admitted with breathing difficulty, a history of sudden onset of high fever, chills, and cough with mucopurulent sputum. X-ray of the chest shows a radiopaque lesion in the left lung lower lobe. Laboratory findings revealed a positive gram stain on sputum.
a. What is the provisional diagnosis and why?
b. Write the gross pathology and stages of this condition.
c. Describe the difference between the two morphological types.
d. Provide a labeled microscopic diagram of this disease.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Seminoma.
4) Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.
5) Classify diabetes mellitus and add a note on late complications of diabetes mellitus.
6) Warthin's tumor.
7) Pathology and morphology of cirrhosis of the liver.
8) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
9) Osteomyelitis.
10) Classification of breast carcinoma. Discuss any one type in detail.
11) Meningioma.
12) What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Discuss any one type in detail.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – DECEMBER, 2022
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) A 12-year-old girl was brought to the OPD with a history of intermittent fever for the last 4 days. There was a history of loss of appetite and general weakness. On examination, there was a white-coated tongue and palpable spleen. Blood culture was sent to the laboratory. Gram-negative bacilli were seen on Gram's smear.
a. What is the likely causative agent?
b. What serological test can be done after one week?
c. Describe the pathogenesis of this organism.
d. Write in detail about the laboratory diagnosis.
e. What is the Vi antigen and how can it be detected?
f. List the vaccines available and methods of prevention.
2) List the causes of diarrhea/dysentery caused by parasites. Describe the life cycle, clinical features, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of infection with Giardia lamblia.
a. Enumerate the causes of parasitic diarrhea.
b. Describe the life cycle of Giardia lamblia.
c. Explain the clinical features of the infection.
d. Discuss the pathogenesis of Giardia lamblia.
e. Describe the laboratory diagnosis.
f. Mention methods of prevention.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Passive immunity.
4) Herpes zoster.
5) Mechanism of drug resistance in bacteria.
6) Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli.
7) Opportunistic fungal infections in HIV.
8) A 28-year-old farmer from a village came to the OPD complaining of weakness and breathlessness after hard work. Examination revealed pallor. His hemoglobin level was 5g/dL, and stool examination showed ova of hookworm.
a. What is the mode of infection and infective stage of this parasite?
b. Draw the life cycle of hookworm.
c. What are the complications of hookworm infection?
9) Dermatophytes.
10) Different methods of sterilization.
11) Moments of hand hygiene.
12) Anaerobic culture methods.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – DECEMBER, 2022
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) Classify mycobacteria. Describe cinical features, pathogenesis, lab
diagnosls and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
2) A 10 Year old boy was brought to the OPD.After dog bit his leg the wound was washed and cleaned with disinfectants
a. What could be the likely infection the patient would get if left unvaccinated.
b. Describe the morphology of the virus with a suitable diagram.
c. Write in breif on the pathogenesis.
d. Describe the clinical presentations.
e. Write about the lab diagnosis for this virus.
f. Enumerate the prevention and prophylaxis.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Complications of post streptococcal infection.
4) Satellitism.
5) Influenza virus.
6) Pneumocystis pneumonia.
7) Lab diagnosis of meningitis.
8) A 10 year old boy was brought to the emergency with muscle stiffness and muscle rigidity and lock jaw. Two weeks back he had an injury with a sharp rod while playing. The wound had a serous discharge and now the patient was brought with the above symptoms.
a. What is the likely diagnosis.
b. What are the two toxins produced by this organism
c. Write briefly the laboratory diagnosis
d. What is the prophylaxis which can prevent this infection.
9) Cryptococcal meningitis.
10) Lymphogranuloma venereum.
11) Yersinia pestis.
12) Bacillus anthracis.
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