Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2023
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) Classify anticholinergic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Atropine. List the drugs used for pre-anesthetic medication.
2) Classify antipsychotic drugs. Write the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of olanzapine. Describe the management of drug-induced Parkinsonism.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) A 40-year-old truck driver came to OPD with a history of allergic rhinitis. Enlist the medications that can be prescribed and what instructions need to be given to him.
4) Write the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Calcium Channel Blockers.
5) What is an antagonist? Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive antagonism.
6) A 20-year-old male was admitted to the emergency services with a history of road traffic accident and a head injury. Which group of analgesics are contraindicated in this patient and why? What drugs can be administered for pain management in this patient?
7) What is the bioavailability of a drug? What are the factors that affect bioavailability?
8) List the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and mention their uses and adverse effects.
9) Describe the management of paracetamol poisoning.
10) Describe enzyme induction and inhibition with suitable examples.
11) List the drugs used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). Describe the role of ACE inhibitors in CHF.
12) What is teratogenicity? Name four drugs that are known for teratogenicity.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2023
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) Classify drugs used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Write the mechanism of action, indications, and adverse effects of Sulfonylureas. What are the indications for the use of insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
2) Classify Cephalosporins. Describe the mechanism of action. Enumerate the uses and adverse effects. Name two β-lactamase inhibitors to overcome resistance to Cephalosporins.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Explain how low-dose combined oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) cause contraception. What are the non-contraceptive benefits of OCPs?
4) Describe the mechanism of action of metronidazole. Mention therapeutic uses.
5) A 40-year-old female complains of weight gain, constipation, and cold intolerance. Lab investigations revealed elevated levels of TSH and low T3 and T4. What can be prescribed to this woman to attain a euthyroid state? Discuss the management of myxedema coma.
6) List the first-line drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. What is the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of rifampicin?
7) Explain the mechanism of action of drugs used in the management of constipation. Which group of drugs are preferred to treat constipation in the elderly and why?
8) Classify the drugs used in the management of cough. What are the precautions to be taken before prescribing antitussives?
9) A 60-year-old male was brought to casualty with complaints of retrosternal chest pain. ECG shows ST elevation. Enumerate the curative drugs used in this condition. How will you communicate with the patient’s relatives before the use of these drugs?
10) What are the various regimens used for the treatment of H. pylori eradication? Give the rationale for their use.
11) List the anthelmintic drugs. Discuss the treatment of neurocysticercosis.
12) Describe the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of clopidogrel.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2023
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PATHOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) A thirty-year-old female came to the Medical OP with complaints of severe breathlessness. Her skin was pale, and her nails showed longitudinal grooves. Blood examination showed an MCV of 60 fl, and her hemoglobin was 7 gm/dl. Discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, peripheral blood picture, and other laboratory investigations. Mention a special stain and differential diagnosis to the blood picture.
2) Define oedema. How do you classify oedema? Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, and manifestations of cardiac oedema. Mention two differences between transudate and exudate.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Pathological calcification.
4) Actinomycosis.
5) Manifestations of Vitamin C deficiency.
6) Differences between benign and malignant tumors in a tabular form. Add a diagram.
7) Paraneoplastic syndromes.
8) Define primary complex. Discuss microscopy and mention three methods of diagnosis of tuberculosis.
9) Sickle cell crisis.
10) Complications of blood transfusion.
11) Leukemoid reaction.
12) Causes of radiation injury. Mention three complications.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2023
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PATHOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) A 60-year-old male presents to the OPD with jaundice and ascites. He is a known alcoholic. How will you investigate this patient? Describe the morphology, clinical features, and complications of alcoholic liver disease.
2) Define emphysema. Mention the types, discuss the pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical manifestation of panacinar emphysema.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Complications and laboratory diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
4) Stages of lobar pneumonia.
5) Define polyp. Classify intestinal polyps. Mention two syndromes associated with them.
6) Gross and microscopic pathology of renal cell carcinoma.
7) Pleomorphic adenoma.
8) Etiology and complications of portal hypertension.
9) Retinoblastoma.
10) Seminoma.
11) Classify Hodgkin lymphoma. Write a note on Reed-Sternberg cells.
12) Pheochromocytoma.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2023
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) A 55-year-old male patient attended the ortho OP with complaints of pain and swelling over the right knee joint. On examination, there is fever and tenderness over the joint. Radiodiagnosis shows periosteal thickening and signs of osteomyelitis. Gram's staining of synovial fluid shows Gram-positive cocci in groups. What is the causative organism? Enumerate other organisms causing osteomyelitis. Explain the clinical features and pathogenesis of the causative organism. Write its lab diagnosis and management.
2) A 17-year-old boy presented with bloody diarrhea with mucus and pus cells, colicky abdominal pain, fever, and prostration. The wet mount examination of the stool sample was performed, which showed trophozoites of 5-20 µm, actively motile, with fingerlike pseudopodia. Inside the trophozoites, the ingested RBCs were present. What is the etiological diagnosis? Describe the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. What are the various diagnostic modalities? How will you treat this condition?
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Classical complement pathway.
4) Genetic mechanism of drug resistance.
5) Type IV hypersensitivity.
6) A 2.5-year-old child was brought to the OPD with recurrent throat infections. The doctor advised a throat swab for culture. Laboratory examination revealed Gram-positive cocci in chains. Identify the causative organism. Describe its virulence factors.
7) Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections.
8) A 45-year-old man comes to the hospital for regular renal dialysis. Serological examination of the sample revealed that the sample is Hepatitis C reactive. How do you communicate with the patient?
9) Laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis.
10) Helicobacter pylori.
11) Explain blood culture methods for the detection of infective endocarditis.
12) Describe different sterilization methods.
Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2023
SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)
Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes | Max Marks: 80
NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.
SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)
WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)
1) A 4-year-old girl was brought to the emergency room by her parents due to an acute onset of fever, neck rigidity, and altered sensorium for the past two days. Physical examination showed that when her neck was passively flexed, her legs also flexed (positive Brudzinski's sign). Direct examination of the CSF showed Gram-positive, lanceolate-shaped diplococci surrounded by a clear halo. Identify the clinical diagnosis of this condition and the most likely etiologic agent. Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, and prophylaxis.
2) Describe the morphology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, and prophylaxis of the influenza virus.
WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
3) Aspergillosis.
4) Tuberculous meningitis.
5) Confidentiality in patient care and how to help an HIV-positive patient cope with social stigma.
6) Slow viral infections.
7) Cerebral malaria.
8) Neurocysticercosis.
9) A 46-year-old man from Africa presented with abdominal pain, hematuria, and dysuria. Urine culture was sterile. Urine wet mount examination revealed oval, non-operculated elongated eggs with a terminal spine. What is the etiological diagnosis? Draw a neat diagram of the mentioned organism.
10) Chancroid.
11) Discuss the prevention of rabies.
12) What are the causative organisms of acute pyelonephritis (APN)? Discuss the pathogenesis of APN.
0 Comments