April 2024 (2021 Supplement)

Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2024

SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION

PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)

Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes   |   Max Marks: 80

NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.

SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)

WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)

1) Classify antihypertensive drugs. Write the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of ACE inhibitors. Add a note on the treatment of hypertensive emergencies.

2) Classify antiepileptic drugs. Write the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of phenytoin. Add a note on the treatment of status epilepticus.

WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)

3) Differences between competitive and non-competitive receptor antagonism.

4) Pharmacovigilance.

5) Treatment of organophosphorous poisoning with rationale.

6) First and zero-order kinetics of drug elimination.

7) Communication with a chronic alcoholic patient about de-addiction.

8) Potassium-sparing diuretics.

9) Neuromuscular blocker-induced apnea – causes, treatment, and preventive tests.

10) Atropine substitutes and their uses.

11) Mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of aspirin.

12) Classification of antipsychotic drugs and extrapyramidal adverse effects.

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Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2024

SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION

PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)

Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes   |   Max Marks: 80

NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.

SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)

WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)

1) Enumerate first-line drugs in tuberculosis. Write the treatment, mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Rifampicin. List drugs used in MDR-TB.

2) Classify corticosteroids. Write the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of prednisolone. Add a note on the role of corticosteroids in bronchial asthma.

WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)

3) Toxicity amelioration of anticancer drugs.

4) An adult patient suffering with amoebiasis is advised a course of treatment with metronidazole. During therapy, he attended a cocktail party where he consumed alcohol He developed a sudden throbbing headache, perspiration, confusion, blurred vision and fainted.

5) Disulfiram-like reaction of metronidazole with alcohol.

6) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

7) Insulin analogues and their advantages.

8) Communication regarding antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive pregnant women.

9) A young female patient came for an antenatal visit and during her routine blood tests, it was confirmed that she is HIV positive. How do you communicate with patients regarding antiretroviral therapy?

10) Combined oral contraceptive pills.

11) Helicobacter pylori treatment in peptic ulcer.

12) Antitussives.

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Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2024

SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION

PATHOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)

Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes   |   Max Marks: 80

NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.

SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)

WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)

1) A 32-year-old woman presents with easy fatigue and spoon-shaped nails.
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Discuss the pathogenesis.
c) Describe peripheral smear findings.

2) A 40-year-old male develops breathlessness, tachycardia, and fever on the fourth day after a femur fracture.
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Discuss its pathogenesis.
c) List the special stains used for diagnosis.

WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)

3) Inflammation and its cardinal signs.

4) Wound healing process.

5) Difference between transudate and exudate.

6) Neoplasia: benign vs malignant.

7) Granuloma and examples.

8) Types of infarcts.

9) Hypersensitivity reactions.

10) Down’s syndrome.

11) Thrombosis and Virchow’s triad.

12) Apoptosis vs necrosis.

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Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2024

SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION

PATHOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)

Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes   |   Max Marks: 80

NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.

SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)

WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)

1) A 55-year-old male presents with epigastric mass, vomiting, and weight loss. Endoscopic biopsy was advised.
a) Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma.
b) Describe its gross and microscopic features.
c) Explain its clinical course.

2) A 50-year-old female presents with foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Speculum examination reveals an irregular polypoid growth in the cervix.
a) What is your diagnosis?
b) Describe the pathogenesis and morphological types.
c) Explain the screening protocol and lesion classification.

WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)

3) Fibroadenoma of the breast.

4) Atherosclerosis.

5) Enzymatic changes in acute myocardial infarction.

6) Types of gallbladder stones.

7) Classification of cirrhosis.

8) Osteosarcoma.

9) Meningioma.

10) Bronchiectasis.

11) Pyelonephritis.

12) Seminoma.

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Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2024

SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION

MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER-I (Theory Questions)

Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes   |   Max Marks: 80

NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.

SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)

WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)

1) Define Autoimmunity. Write various possible mechanisms for the development of autoimmunity. Classify autoimmune diseases with examples. Write about clinical manifestations and various autoantibodies developed in SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus).

2) A 25-year-old female patient was brought to casualty with altered sensorium and convulsions along with fever. The patient was admitted to the emergency ICU. A variety of investigations, including brain imaging, were done. Peripheral blood examination of a thin smear showed multiple ring forms and banana-shaped gametocytes.
a) What is the clinical diagnosis? (2M)
b) Describe the life cycle of the above parasite? (3M)
c) Write about the complications of the above condition. (3M)
d) Write about the laboratory diagnosis of the above condition? (5M)
e) Add a note on presently available treatment for the above condition. (2M)

WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)

3) Enrichment media

4) Autoclave

5) Leptospirosis

6) Hydatid cyst

7) Microbiology laboratory rejects a few specimens received because of incomplete information in the sample requisition form. How do you justify the above scenario? Discuss the information that shall be written in the sample requisition form and the sample container.

8) Various skin lesions caused by Staphylococcus aureus

9) Mycetoma

10) A 6 Years old boy from an overcrowded colony presented to the pediatric emergency department during the monsoon season with complaints of profuse and frequent (10-15 times) watery diarrhea since the previous day,accompanied by 2-3 episodes of vomitings. There was no history of showed, rice water in appearance.

a. What is the above clinical diagnosis?
b. What is the etiologically agent responsible for the above condition?
c. Write two culture media used for isolation of causative agent.
d. What is the drug of choice for the above condition?

11) ELISA

12) Viral Gastroenteritis.

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Dr. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

M.B.B.S. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2024

SECOND M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION

MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER-II (Theory Questions)

Time: 2 Hours 40 Minutes   |   Max Marks: 80

NOTE: Answer all questions. Draw a neat diagram wherever necessary.

SECTION-II (THEORY QUESTIONS – 80 MARKS)

WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE FOLLOWING: (2×15 = 30 Marks)

1) A 35-year-old female came to the OBG OPD with complaints of burning micturition, frequency urgency of micturition, lower abdomen pain along with fever and chills. A urine sample was sent to the Microbiology laboratory for microscope examination and culture. In microscopic examination, plenty of pus cells were noticed, and culture on MacConkey’s agar showed pink-colored lactose fermenting colonies.

a. What is your clinical diagnosis? (2M)
b. What is the most common organism responsible for the above condition? (2M)
c. What are various causative agents responsible for the above condition? (4M)
d. How do you collect the sample for the above condition? (2M)
e. Write in detail about the laboratory diagnosis for the above condition. (5M)

2) A five-year-old child was brought to the emergency department with a history of seizures following high-grade fever with 1-2 episodes of projectile vomiting. On examination, he had altered sensorium, neck rigidity, and a positive Kernig’s sign. A lumbar puncture was performed, and CSF was sent to the microbiology laboratory.

a. What is the clinical diagnosis for the above condition? (2M)
b. Enumerate the bacteria responsible for the above condition. (5M)
c. Write in detail about the laboratory diagnosis of the above condition. (6M)
d. Write available vaccination for one of the organisms responsible for the above condition. (2M)

WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING: (10×5 = 50 Marks)

3) Write various molecular methods for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis.

4) Brucellosis

5) Zygomycosis

6) Post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies

7) Neurocysticercosis

8) A 26-year-old male patient attended general medicine OPD with complaints of pleomorphic rash over the body, papular skin rashes, mucous patches in the oropharynx, and condylomata on anal areas. History revealed exposure to unprotected sex one year back. 10 days after exposure, he noticed a hard, painless ulcer on the shaft of the penis, which healed on its own without medical treatment.

a. What is your possible clinical diagnosis? (2M)
b. What is the organism responsible for the above condition? (1M)
c. Write standard tests for laboratory diagnosis for the above condition. (1M)
d. Drug of choice for the above condition. (1M)

9) Pathogenesis of COVID-19 virus

10) Congenital Rubella Syndrome

11) Anthrax

12) Discuss the role of the Physician in the Healthcare System.